Friday, August 12, 2022

Twenge and Cooper (2022) on the Happiness Class Divide

Jean M. Twenge and A. Bell Cooper, “The Expanding Class Divide in Happiness in the United States, 1972–2016.” Emotion 22(4): 701–713, 2022. 

• Signs of a growing class divide in the US include the data on income inequality, “deaths of despair,” and the rising mortality rate for non-college educated white Americans. 

• Has it become more true in the US that money and prestige buy happiness? Twenge and Cooper attempt to answer this question. 

• The data: the General Social Survey (GSS), 1972-2016, adults age 30 and above, n≈44,000. 

• “Class” here is of the socio-economic variety (SES), and is measured by income, education, and “occupational prestige” 

• The GSS happiness question: ‘Taken all together, how would you say things are these days—would you say that you are very happy, pretty happy, or not too happy?’ 

• Income, education, and occupational prestige all contribute considerably to happiness – and for income, the effect does not taper off as income rises. 

• The connection between SES and happiness has increased markedly between 1972 and 2016 – though some of this increase can be traced to increasing marital differences between SES classes. 

• The larger happiness gap between SES groups is, for white people, caused by diminishing happiness for those in the lower classes, while the upper-class folks almost held their own in terms of happiness. 

• For Black people, lower-SES people showed a small decline in happiness between 1972-2016, but high-SES people saw a significant increase in happiness. 

• Has class become more salient as income inequality increases?

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